Doctrine of Discovery
The Earth Dollar is creating a “Justice Token” to fund a court case
for “Crimes Against Humanity” with regards to the Doctrine of
Discovery. The Doctrine of Discovery is a series of Papal Bulls and
legal documents issued by the Vatican in the 15th century, which
gave the legal license for Europeans to commit genocide, ecocide,
murder, of indigenous peoples worldwide and persist today. The
Earth Dollar is working to revoke these Papal Bulls.
Doctrine of Discovery
The Earth Dollar is creating a “Justice Token” to fund a court case for “Crimes Against Humanity” with regards to the Doctrine of Discovery. The Doctrine of Discovery is a series of Papal Bulls and legal documents issued by the Vatican in the 15th century, which gave the legal license for Europeans to commit genocide, ecocide, murder, of indigenous peoples worldwide and persist today. The Earth Dollar is working to revoke these Papal Bulls.
THE EARTH DOLLAR IS REVOKING THE DOCTRINE OF DISCOVERY
The Earth Dollar is creating a “Justice Token” to revoke the Doctrine of Discovery. This Doctrine was issued by the Vatican in the 1500s, which authorized the genocide of native peoples and the theft of native lands and is still actively being used today. It is estimated that 100 million indigenous peoples were exterminated through the Doctrine, which is even bigger than the Holocaust.
The Earth Dollar team members are actively involved in revoking the Doctrine of Discovery with a commission of inquiry on 6 continents, gathering evidence on the impacts of the Doctrine of Discovery.
The commission will also explore a potential international Earth Tribunal hearing for “Crimes Against Humanity”. The Earth Tribunal is a newly formed international indigenous court of justice (and part of Free Nations), created in partnership with the ITNJ (International Tribunal of Natural Justice).
Join the Earth Dollar and the Justice Token in revoking the legal license for Europeans to commit genocide, ecocide, and murder of indigenous peoples worldwide.
EXCERPTS FROM THE DOCTRINE OF DISCOVERY
Grants the European Powers the right — “to invade, search out, capture, vanquish, and subdue all Saracens and pagans whatsoever, and other enemies of Christ … possessions, and all movable and immovable goods whatsoever held and possessed by them and to reduce their persons to perpetual slavery, and to apply and appropriate to himself and his successors … these islands, lands, harbors, and seas, …”
Example: The conquest of Mexico, referring specifically to the fall of the Aztec capital of Mexico-Tenochtitlan in 1521. Cortes slaughtered an estimated 5,000 to 10,000 unarmed Indians at Cholula in less than two hours of butchery.
THE EARTH DOLLAR IS REVOKING THE DOCTRINE OF DISCOVERY
The Earth Dollar is creating a “Justice Token” to revoke the Doctrine of Discovery. This Doctrine was issued by the Vatican in the 1500s, which authorized the genocide of native peoples and the theft of native lands and is still actively being used today. It is estimated that 100 million indigenous peoples were exterminated through the Doctrine, which is even bigger than the Holocaust.
The Earth Dollar team members are actively involved in revoking the Doctrine of Discovery with a commission of inquiry on 6 continents, gathering evidence on the impacts of the Doctrine of Discovery.
The commission will also explore a potential international Earth Tribunal hearing for “Crimes Against Humanity”. The Earth Tribunal is a newly formed international indigenous court of justice (and part of Free Nations), created in partnership with the ITNJ (International Tribunal of Natural Justice).
Join the Earth Dollar and the Justice Token in revoking the legal license for Europeans to commit genocide, ecocide, and murder of indigenous peoples worldwide.
EXCERPTS FROM THE DOCTRINE OF DISCOVERY
Grants the European Powers the right — “to invade, search out, capture, vanquish, and subdue all Saracens and pagans whatsoever, and other enemies of Christ … possessions, and all movable and immovable goods whatsoever held and possessed by them and to reduce their persons to perpetual slavery, and to apply and appropriate to himself and his successors … these islands, lands, harbors, and seas, …”
Example: The conquest of Mexico, referring specifically to the fall of the Aztec capital of Mexico-Tenochtitlan in 1521. Cortes slaughtered an estimated 5,000 to 10,000 unarmed Indians at Cholula in less than two hours of butchery.
INTRODUCTION TO THE DOCTRINE OF DISCOVERY
In Europe, when a monarch went to war, he needed the blessing of the Pope and the Vatican, but that blessing was almost universally granted as part of the political structure of the era.
Whereas, Roman Catholic Church promulgated several Papal Bulldums (Bulls).
- by Pope Nicolas V in 1452 “Dum Diversas” which rationalized sanctions, and colonization of Africa,
- by Pope Nicolas V in 1455 “Romanus Pontifex” as a followup to Dum Diversus which extended to the Catholic nations of Europe dominion over discovered lands during the Age of Discovery. Along with sanctifying the seizure of non-Christian lands, it encouraged the enslavement of native, non-Christian peoples in Africa and the New World.
- by Pope Alexander VI in 1493 “Intra Caetera”, after the discovery of America, which authorized and justified the destruction, killing, and appropriation of lands of Indigenous Peoples.
These Papal Bulls formulated the theological base for what became the tragic genocide of Indigenous Peoples worldwide.
Whereas, the Supreme Court in 1823 in Johnson v. McIntosh incorporated into American law the Doctrine of Discovery by claiming the United States inherited the American conquest from the English. The United States officially adopted the Doctrine of Discovery in 1823 as Indian Policy which justified genocide, theft of land, atrocities, and offenses committed against Indigenous Peoples (Native Americans) and its ongoing transgressions.
Whereas, 1845 was the first time the phrase “Manifest Destiny” was used to affirm the United States of America was called to Providence to dominate the continent for the free development of America’s inevitable growth. Manifest Destiny grew out of, and was based on, the Doctrine of Discovery.
INTRODUCTION TO THE DOCTRINE OF DISCOVERY
In Europe, when a monarch went to war, he needed the blessing of the Pope and the Vatican, but that blessing was almost universally granted as part of the political structure of the era.
Whereas, Roman Catholic Church promulgated several Papal Bulldums (Bulls).
- by Pope Nicolas V in 1452 “Dum Diversas” which rationalized sanctions, and colonization of Africa,
- by Pope Nicolas V in 1455 “Romanus Pontifex” as a followup to Dum Diversus which extended to the Catholic nations of Europe dominion over discovered lands during the Age of Discovery. Along with sanctifying the seizure of non-Christian lands, it encouraged the enslavement of native, non-Christian peoples in Africa and the New World.
- by Pope Alexander VI in 1493 “Intra Caetera”, after the discovery of America, which authorized and justified the destruction, killing, and appropriation of lands of Indigenous Peoples.
These Papal Bulls formulated the theological base for what became the tragic genocide of Indigenous Peoples worldwide.
Whereas, the Supreme Court in 1823 in Johnson v. McIntosh incorporated into American law the Doctrine of Discovery by claiming the United States inherited the American conquest from the English. The United States officially adopted the Doctrine of Discovery in 1823 as Indian Policy which justified genocide, theft of land, atrocities, and offenses committed against Indigenous Peoples (Native Americans) and its ongoing transgressions.
Whereas, 1845 was the first time the phrase “Manifest Destiny” was used to affirm the United States of America was called to Providence to dominate the continent for the free development of America’s inevitable growth. Manifest Destiny grew out of, and was based on, the Doctrine of Discovery.
THE RIGHT OF CONQUEST – JOHNSON V. MCINTOSH
Brief Fact Summary. Plaintiffs sought to have certain land grants purportedly made by Indian tribal chiefs, recognized by the United States government.
Synopsis of Rule of Law. The title of land which has been discovered and conquered belongs entirely to the conquering nation, subject only to the right of those natives present to occupy the land.
THE RIGHT OF CONQUEST – JOHNSON V. MCINTOSH
Brief Fact Summary. Plaintiffs sought to have certain land grants purportedly made by Indian tribal chiefs, recognized by the United States government.
Synopsis of Rule of Law. The title of land which has been discovered and conquered belongs entirely to the conquering nation, subject only to the right of those natives present to occupy the land.
Key Excerpts from the court case: “The Indians were admitted to be the rightful occupants of the soil, with a legal as well as just claim to retain possession of it, and to use it according to their own discretion; but their rights to complete sovereignty, as independent nations, were necessarily diminished, and . . . Discovery gave exclusive title to those who made it.” “The different nations of Europe . . . Asserted the ultimate dominion to be in themselves; and claimed and exercised, as a consequence of this ultimate dominion, a power to grant the soil, while yet in possession of the natives.”
Facts. At issue were two purported grants of land by Indian tribes to private individuals, one in 1773 and the other in 1775. The lands constituted the Illinois and Piankeshaw nations. Here, Plaintiff sought to have the United States government recognize Plaintiff’s title to the lands, which were alleged to have passed under the grants.
Issue. May Indian tribes give a legally recognizable title in land to private individuals, such that the title may be received by the private person and upheld against any claims by courts of the United States?
Held. No. The judgment of the District Court of Illinois denying the Plaintiff’s right to assert title to lands purportedly granted is affirmed. The rules of property must be drawn from and decided by the nation in which the property which is the subject matter of the lawsuit lies. Due to the historical precedents established by the European discovery of this North America and the subsequent conquest and division thereof, the rule was that among the nations of Europe, the title properly belonged to the nation which discovered the new land.
Incident to the principle that title belonged to the nation which discovered the new land, was the subsequent diminishment of the natives’ ability to dispose of their land. This impairment of native sovereignty was subject to the recognition that the natives could live on the land, but that they could not grant the land to a private individual. This was the case because the land itself was subject to the dominion and control of the nation which discovered and conquered it. The remaining question is whether the United States accepted or rejected the historical principle.
According to the treaty ending the Revolutionary War, Great Britain relinquished any claim to “proprietary and territorial rights of the United States.” Thus, the United States owned the entirety of the lands which were situated within the boundaries of the states existing at that time. It follows that those natives who lived within such boundaries did not own title to the land. Therefore, Plaintiff does not have a title recognizable by the United States.
Discussion. The Court, in deciding this case, was faced with a situation where the customs of ownership of lands between two distinct cultures were at odds. The native culture did not recognize ownership in quite the same way as the United States culture. This case is as much a historical footnote as it is a rule of property law one might see today.
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
Everybody knows that in the late 15th century Christopher Columbus arrived at what is now known as the Americas and that he proceeded to take possession of such lands on behalf of the Spanish crown.
Excerpt from Christopher Columbus’s Diary: “The Indians are so naive and so free with their possessions that no one who has not witnessed them would believe it. When you ask for something they have, they never say, ‘no’… To the contrary, they offer to share with anyone… They would make fine servants… With 50 men, we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want.”
What is not widely known, however, is the legal and theological rationale with which Europeans justified the often violent (at times genocidal) conquest and colonization of these lands which had already been “discovered” and populated.
Discovery is the legal doctrine that allowed Christian explorers from European Christian nations to have the sole right to invade and conquer the native people and to establish ownership of the property and land for the European Monarchs.
By the time the Spanish and English peoples arrived at Turtle Island and Avia Yala (the original names of these lands) Native American nations and empires had already been in place for thousands of years. (The current scientific consensus is that First Peoples began arriving some 14,000 years ago.) So, what logic led the new arrivals to think that they had the right to take away the land from these nations?
The answer is the Doctrine of Discovery, a series of Papal Bulls and legal documents issued by the Vatican in the 15th century, which gave the legal license for Europeans to commit genocide, ecocide, and murder of indigenous peoples worldwide and persist today. The Doctrine of Discovery is actively used in courts around the world and has never been revoked by the Vatican.
The Doctrine of Discovery gave the “right of kings” a theologically grounded legal rationale that kings and popes invented to justify and encourage the violent conquest and evangelization of these already inhabited lands.
But such doctrine is not simply an arcane artifact of a bygone era. As you will see from the articles in this issue of JLE on the Repudiation of the Doctrine of Discovery, it is a legal doctrine that has been enshrined in U.S. law by the Supreme Court from the time of the Louisiana Purchase to the present.
It is important to remember that many Native American nations continue to exist to this day and have actual legal treaties with the United States Government. Struggles such as the one that took place in 2016/2017 in North Dakota between the Standing Rock Sioux and those who want to build a pipeline to transport oil through their sacred lands cannot be fully understood without understanding how it came to be that they were originally stripped of their land and put in a position of being secondary citizens in their own land.
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
Everybody knows that in the late 15th century Christopher Columbus arrived at what is now known as the Americas and that he proceeded to take possession of such lands on behalf of the Spanish crown.
Excerpt from Christopher Columbus’s Diary: “The Indians are so naive and so free with their possessions that no one who has not witnessed them would believe it. When you ask for something they have, they never say, ‘no’… To the contrary, they offer to share with anyone… They would make fine servants… With 50 men, we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want.”
What is not widely known, however, is the legal and theological rationale with which Europeans justified the often violent (at times genocidal) conquest and colonization of these lands which had already been “discovered” and populated.
Discovery is the legal doctrine that allowed Christian explorers from European Christian nations to have the sole right to invade and conquer the native people and to establish ownership of the property and land for the European Monarchs.
By the time the Spanish and English peoples arrived at Turtle Island and Avia Yala (the original names of these lands) Native American nations and empires had already been in place for thousands of years. (The current scientific consensus is that First Peoples began arriving some 14,000 years ago.) So, what logic led the new arrivals to think that they had the right to take away the land from these nations?
The answer is the Doctrine of Discovery, a series of Papal Bulls and legal documents issued by the Vatican in the 15th century, which gave the legal license for Europeans to commit genocide, ecocide, and murder of indigenous peoples worldwide and persist today. The Doctrine of Discovery is actively used in courts around the world and has never been revoked by the Vatican.
The Doctrine of Discovery gave the “right of kings” a theologically grounded legal rationale that kings and popes invented to justify and encourage the violent conquest and evangelization of these already inhabited lands.
But such doctrine is not simply an arcane artifact of a bygone era. As you will see from the articles in this issue of JLE on the Repudiation of the Doctrine of Discovery, it is a legal doctrine that has been enshrined in U.S. law by the Supreme Court from the time of the Louisiana Purchase to the present.
It is important to remember that many Native American nations continue to exist to this day and have actual legal treaties with the United States Government. Struggles such as the one that took place in 2016/2017 in North Dakota between the Standing Rock Sioux and those who want to build a pipeline to transport oil through their sacred lands cannot be fully understood without understanding how it came to be that they were originally stripped of their land and put in a position of being secondary citizens in their own land.
THE IMPACT OF THE DOCTRINE OF DISCOVERY
The doctrine of discovery is the basis of
international law and effectively legalized colonization.
The Doctrine of Discovery (Papal Bulls) is encoded in a set of Supreme Court decisions in the United States and was applied across North America either as a legal precedent, as was the case in the United States, or as an
underlying unstated ideology, as was the case in
Canada.
The doctrine encoded racial ideas that created a
hierarchy within humanities that invariably placed European, Christian nations in the position of power.
International law using the Doctrine also justified the destruction, killing, and appropriation of lands of Indigenous Peoples.
Indigenous People’s Rights: Besides revoking the Doctrine of Discovery, the Earth Dollar is also improving Indigenous People’s rights and lessening the impact of the Doctrine of Discovery by encoding Indigenous People’s rights into the Earth Dollar; this is done by putting the Mother Earth Constitution on the blockchain under the jurisdiction of the Earth Tribunal.
THE IMPACT OF THE DOCTRINE OF DISCOVERY
The doctrine of discovery is the basis of international law and effectively legalized colonization.
The Doctrine of Discovery (Papal Bulls) is encoded in a set of Supreme Court decisions in the United States and was applied across North America either as a legal precedent, as was the case in the United States, or as an underlying unstated ideology, as was the case in Canada.
The doctrine encoded racial ideas that created a hierarchy within humanities that invariably placed European, Christian nations in the position of power.
International law using the Doctrine also justified the destruction, killing, and appropriation of lands of Indigenous Peoples.
Indigenous People’s Rights: Besides revoking the Doctrine of Discovery, the Earth Dollar is also improving Indigenous People’s rights and lessening the impact of the Doctrine of Discovery by encoding Indigenous People’s rights into the Earth Dollar; this is done by putting the Mother Earth Constitution on the blockchain under the jurisdiction of the Earth Tribunal.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DOCTRINE OF DISCOVERY
BAL209236 Columbus at Hispaniola, from ‘The Narrative and Critical History of America’, edited by Justin Winsor, London, 1886 (engraving) (later colouration) by Bry, Theodore de (1528-98) (after); Private Collection; (add. info.: in Columbus and his discoveries); Flemish, out of copyright
The Papal Bulls, “Dum Diversas”, “Romanus Pontifex” and “Intra Caetera”, issued by Popes, played a central role in the European conquest of the New World, from Africa to Asia and the Americas.
The Bull stated that any land not inhabited by Christians was available to be “discovered,” claimed, and exploited by Christian rulers.
This “Doctrine of Discovery” became the basis of all European claims in the Americas as well as the foundation for the United States’ western expansion. In the US Supreme Court in the 1823 case Johnson v. McIntosh, Chief Justice John Marshall’s opinion in the unanimous decision held “that the principle of discovery gave European nations an absolute right to New World lands.” In essence, American Indians had only a right of occupancy, which could be abolished.
The Bull Inter Caetera made headlines again throughout the 1990s and in 2000, when many Catholics petitioned Pope John Paul II to formally revoke it and recognize the human rights of indigenous “non-Christian peoples.” The Doctrine has never been revoked.
The ensuing “bull” had its legal precedents in the papal bulls issued in 1452 and 1456 granting the Christian king of Portugal similar exclusive rights in Africa, particularly with the right to bring Africans back to Portugal as slaves.
These 1493 bulls were the pope’s attempt to mitigate competition between Spain and Portugal, two of Europe’s strongest powers at that time. A quirk in these legal maneuverings resulted in Portugal being able to carve off the easternmost part of the Americas and claiming it as Portuguese property, namely Brazil.
So Discovery also marks the beginnings of euro-Christian colonialism, which by 1900 had subdued roughly 84-90% of the globe under Christian domination.
By the 1750s a young George Washington was functioning based on a clear understanding of the Doctrine of Discovery — as a surveyor taking care to nail down the best Indian lands in the Ohio valley as personal investments and for the Washington family land business.
It was still an Indian country inhabited by and controlled by Senecas and numerous other communities of the Ohio League. It took an all-out war of destruction, declared by Washington as commander of the continental army and then continuing under his presidency, to wrest the land away from the Ohio League and allow Christian settlers to cash in on Washington’s investments.
A decade after Washington’s tour in the Ohio Valley, in the 1760s and 70s, Thomas Jefferson began his legal career, gaining considerable renown using the principle of Discovery in legal cases involving property rights in Virginia.
Then in 1803, as president, Jefferson clearly exercised Discovery in the so-called Louisiana purchase. Twenty years later, John Marshall wrote his famous unanimous decision in the Johnson v. M’Intosh supreme court case, deciding American property ownership based on Christian Discovery. We turn to Jefferson and Marshall for two key pieces of the puzzle.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DOCTRINE OF DISCOVERY
BAL209236 Columbus at Hispaniola, from ‘The Narrative and Critical History of America’, edited by Justin Winsor, London, 1886 (engraving) (later colouration) by Bry, Theodore de (1528-98) (after); Private Collection; (add. info.: in Columbus and his discoveries); Flemish, out of copyright
The Papal Bulls, “Dum Diversas”, “Romanus Pontifex” and “Intra Caetera”, issued by Popes, played a central role in the European conquest of the New World, from Africa to Asia and the Americas.
The Bull stated that any land not inhabited by Christians was available to be “discovered,” claimed, and exploited by Christian rulers.
This “Doctrine of Discovery” became the basis of all European claims in the Americas as well as the foundation for the United States’ western expansion. In the US Supreme Court in the 1823 case Johnson v. McIntosh, Chief Justice John Marshall’s opinion in the unanimous decision held “that the principle of discovery gave European nations an absolute right to New World lands.” In essence, American Indians had only a right of occupancy, which could be abolished.
The Bull Inter Caetera made headlines again throughout the 1990s and in 2000, when many Catholics petitioned Pope John Paul II to formally revoke it and recognize the human rights of indigenous “non-Christian peoples.” The Doctrine has never been revoked.
The ensuing “bull” had its legal precedents in the papal bulls issued in 1452 and 1456 granting the Christian king of Portugal similar exclusive rights in Africa, particularly with the right to bring Africans back to Portugal as slaves.
These 1493 bulls were the pope’s attempt to mitigate competition between Spain and Portugal, two of Europe’s strongest powers at that time. A quirk in these legal maneuverings resulted in Portugal being able to carve off the easternmost part of the Americas and claiming it as Portuguese property, namely Brazil.
So Discovery also marks the beginnings of euro-Christian colonialism, which by 1900 had subdued roughly 84-90% of the globe under Christian domination.
By the 1750s a young George Washington was functioning based on a clear understanding of the Doctrine of Discovery — as a surveyor taking care to nail down the best Indian lands in the Ohio valley as personal investments and for the Washington family land business.
It was still an Indian country inhabited by and controlled by Senecas and numerous other communities of the Ohio League. It took an all-out war of destruction, declared by Washington as commander of the continental army and then continuing under his presidency, to wrest the land away from the Ohio League and allow Christian settlers to cash in on Washington’s investments.
A decade after Washington’s tour in the Ohio Valley, in the 1760s and 70s, Thomas Jefferson began his legal career, gaining considerable renown using the principle of Discovery in legal cases involving property rights in Virginia.
Then in 1803, as president, Jefferson clearly exercised Discovery in the so-called Louisiana purchase. Twenty years later, John Marshall wrote his famous unanimous decision in the Johnson v. M’Intosh supreme court case, deciding American property ownership based on Christian Discovery. We turn to Jefferson and Marshall for two key pieces of the puzzle.
THE EARTH DOLLAR
The Earth Dollar is a currency based on LOVE and backed by the health and wellness of Mother Earth (Natural Capital Assets). The Earth Dollar was created for the love of the Earth and all life that dwells on her. Since love is difficult to quantify, up to $5.28+ trillion in Real Assets, including nature-based land assets called Natural Capital Assets have been pledged on-chain to back the Earth Dollar in order to restore the Earth and the climate, while simultaneously ending global poverty. The Earth Dollar provides liquidity to reinvigorate the global economy ravaged by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, unsustainable cities, the extinction of species, joblessness, poverty, rising cancer, and disease rates, and other crises without putting an extra debt burden on countries and taxpayers.
The initial assets pledged consist of platinum group metals (gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium, carbon credits, spring water, etc.), along with residential properties, and commercial properties, Natural Capital Assets, real estate assets, manufactured assets, and creative assets via NFTs. These are only the initial Assets pledged to back the Earth Dollar; we expect even more assets in the future.
Earth Dollar will be a Carbon-Negative Asset-Backed Private Community Currency of the Earth Dollar Association and Utility Currency to pay for nodes, decentralized CPU Power, decentralized GPU Power and decentralized Storage Space on the Mother Earth Supercomputer (& Blockchain) (aka as the Mother Earth Supercomputer (aka Mother Earth OS)), one of the world’s fastest decentralized supercomputers which can process up to 1 million transactions per second to run the Living Economic System, DApps, real-time games, telecommunications, smart-contracts, IoT and more.
THE EARTH DOLLAR
The Earth Dollar is a currency based on LOVE and backed by the health and wellness of Mother Earth (Natural Capital Assets). The Earth Dollar was created for the love of the Earth and all life that dwells on her. Since love is difficult to quantify, up to $5.28+ trillion in Real Assets, including nature-based land assets called Natural Capital Assets have been pledged on-chain to back the Earth Dollar in order to restore the Earth and the climate, while simultaneously ending global poverty. The Earth Dollar provides liquidity to reinvigorate the global economy ravaged by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, unsustainable cities, the extinction of species, joblessness, poverty, rising cancer, and disease rates, and other crises without putting an extra debt burden on countries and taxpayers.
The initial assets pledged consist of platinum group metals (gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium, carbon credits, spring water, etc.), along with residential properties, and commercial properties, Natural Capital Assets, real estate assets, manufactured assets, and creative assets via NFTs. These are only the initial Assets pledged to back the Earth Dollar; we expect even more assets in the future.
Earth Dollar will be a Carbon-Negative Asset-Backed Private Community Currency of the Earth Dollar Association and Utility Currency to pay for nodes, decentralized CPU Power, decentralized GPU Power and decentralized Storage Space on the Mother Earth Supercomputer (& Blockchain) (aka as the Mother Earth Supercomputer (aka Mother Earth OS)), one of the world’s fastest decentralized supercomputers which can process up to 1 million transactions per second to run the Living Economic System, DApps, real-time games, telecommunications, smart-contracts, IoT and more.